El Gigantophitecus fue el primate más grande que jamás habitó el planeta, es un género extinto de primates hominoideos que existió desde hace un millón de años hasta hace 300.000 (Pleistoceno Inferior a Medio), en los actuales países de China, India y Vietnam y pudo haber convivido con Homo erectus en Asia sudoriental.

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Probablemente haya sido cuadrúpedo y herbívoro, con una dieta similar a la del panda gigante basada en el bambú, y posiblemente suplementada con frutas de estación.

Aunque se desconoce el porqué de la extinción de Gigantopithecus, se supone que las razones principales fueron los cambios climáticos y la competencia por los recursos con especies mejor adaptadas (pandas u hombres primitivos).

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Basados en la escasa evidencia de la cual disponemos (básicamente enormes molares y dientes de aproximadamente 2,5 cm de ancho, recolectados de tiendas de medicina tradicional china, pero claramente genuinos), Gigantopithecus debe haber medido 3 m (9 pies 10 pulg) de altura, y pesado de 300 kg (660 lb) a 500 kg (1100 lb). 2 ó 3 veces el tamaño de un gorila, aunque sus parientes vivos más cercanos serían los orangutanes. Esta estimación se basa en el cociente cabeza–esqueleto, en los primates conocidos actualmente.

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Fue el paleontólogo alemán Ralph von Koenigswald quien halló el molar mencionado, en Hong Kong durante el año 1935. Enseguida reconoció que se trataba de una especie de simio gigante, a cuyo estudio se abocó durante los siguientes cuatro años, hasta que la Segunda Guerra Mundial Von Koenigswald truncó su estudio cuando fue tomado prisionero.

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The Gigantopithecus

The first Gigantopithecus remains described by an anthropologist were found in 1935 by Ralph von Koenigswald in an apothecary shop. Fossilized teeth and bones are often ground into powder and used in some branches of traditional Chinese medicine.[5] Von Koenigswald named the theorized species Gigantopithecus.[6]

Since then relatively few fossils of Gigantopithecus have been recovered. Aside from the molars recovered in Chinese traditional medicine shops, Liucheng Cave in Liuzhou, China has produced numerous Gigantopithecus blacki teeth as well as several jawbones.[3] Other sites yielding significant finds were in Vietnam and India.[2][4] These finds suggest the range of Gigantopithecus was southeast Asia.

In 1955 forty-seven Gigantopithecus blacki teeth were found among a shipment of 'dragon bones' in China. Tracing these teeth to their source resulted in recovery of more teeth and a rather complete large mandible. By 1958, three mandibles and more than 1,300 teeth had been recovered. Gigantopithecus remains have come from sites in Hubei, Guangxi and Sichuan; from warehouses for Chinese medicinal products as well as from cave deposits. Not all Chinese remains have been dated to the same time period, and the fossils in Hubei appear to be of a later date than elsewhere in China. The Hubei teeth are also larger.[7]

Species

There are presently three (extinct) named species of Gigantopithecus: Gigantopithecus blacki, Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis, and Gigantopithecus giganteus.

[edit]Gigantopithecus blacki

Gigantopithecus blacki is only known through fossil teeth and mandibles found in cave sites in Southeast Asia. As the name suggests, these are appreciably larger than those of living gorillas, but the exact size and structure of the rest of the body can only be estimated in the absence of additional findings. Dating methods have shown that G. blacki existed for about a million years, going extinct about 100,000 years ago after having been contemporary with (anatomically) modern humans (Homo sapiens) for tens of thousands of years, and co-existing with H. erectus before the appearance of H. sapiens.[2]

[edit]Morphology

Based on the fossil evidence, it is believed that adult male Gigantopithecus blacki stood about 3 m (9.8 ft) tall and weighed as much as 540 kg (1,200 lb),[1][3][4] making the species two to three times heavier than modern gorillas and nearly five times heavier than the orangutan, its closest living relative. Large males may have had an armspan of over 12 feet (3.6 m). The species was highly sexually dimorphic, with adult females roughly half the weight of males.[4] Due to wide interspecies differences in the relationship between tooth and body size, some argue[citation needed] that it is more likely that Gigantopithecus was much smaller, at roughly 1.8 m (5.9 ft).[6]

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Bamboo leaves frame the scientists excavating the cemented deposits in Lang Trang Cave IV

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http://www.uiowa.edu/~bioanth/gbigmap.html

Bill Munns stands next to his model of a Gigantopithecus male, a quadrupedal, fist-walking creature that also could have stood erect, as bears do.

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The species lived in Asia and probably inhabited bamboo forests, since its fossils are often found alongside those of extinct ancestors of the panda. Most evidence points to Gigantopithecus being a plant-eater.

Its appearance is not known, because of the fragmentary nature of its fossil remains. It is possible that it resembled modern gorillas, because of its supposedly similar lifestyle. Some scientists, however, think that it probably looked more like its closest modern relative, the orangutan. Being so large, it is possible that Gigantopithecus had few or no enemies when fully grown. However, younger, weak or injured individuals may have been vulnerable to predation by tigers, pythons, crocodiles, Dinofelis, hyenas, bears, and Homo erectus.

[edit]Classification

In the past, it had been thought that G. blacki was an ancestor of humans, on the basis of molar evidence; this is now regarded a result of convergent evolution. G. blacki is now placed in the subfamily Ponginae along with the orangutan.

[edit]Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis

Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis is a very large fossil ape identified from a few jaw bones and teeth from India. G. bilaspurensis lived about 6 to 9 million years ago in the Miocene. It is related to Gigantopithecus blacki.

[edit]Gigantopithecus giganteus

Gigantopithecus giganteus also lived in what is now India. Based on the slim fossil finds, it was a large, ground-dwelling herbivore that ate primarily bamboo and foliage. It was approximately half the size of its Chinese relative, Gigantopithecus blacki.

Evidence of a separate species, Gigantopithecus giganteus, has been found in northern India and China. In the Guangxi region of China, teeth of this species were discovered in limestone formations in Daxin and Wuming, north of Nanning. Despite the name, it is believed that giganteus was approximately half the size of blacki.[3][4]

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read more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantopithecus

Photographed at the American Museum in the 1940's, German paleoanthropologists Ralph von Koenigswald, left, and Franz Weidenreich, right, pose with the skulls of apes, Homo erectus, and modern humans. The first scientist to discover teeth of Gigantopithecus, von Koenigswald correctly observed that they belonged to an ape, while Weidenreich argued for their humanlike characteristics.

A Gigantopithecus jaw. Image courtesy of Wikicommons

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A cave near the top of the rounded limestone tower at Liucheng, China has yielded three Gigantopithecus jawbones and nearly a thousand teeth.